"Immaturity is the inability to use one's understanding without guidance from another."

"He has even become fond of this state and for the time being is actually incapable of using his own understanding, for no one has ever allowed him to attempt it."

in these two quotes from Immanuel Kant’s “What is Enlightenment?" Kant explains what he means by freedom. Freedom is when somone is able to break free of having others think for them and being able to use their own brain. this is also breaking free of "immaturity" which is having others think for you and having no opinion of your own. as well as breaking free of thoes who think for you because they wont allow you to think for yourself keeping you immature.



"All that is required for this is enlightenment is freedom; and particularly the least harmful of all that may be called freedom, namely, the freedom for man to make public use of his reason in all matters."

"that the obstacles to general enlightenment--to their release from their self-imposed immaturity--are gradually diminishing."

Kant feels that "freedom" is so central to Enlightenment because Enlightenment is using reason and in "immaturity" people dont use their own reason but let others think for them. these two things go together because you cant be enlightened without having some thoughts of your own.



"Consequently, only a few have succeeded, by cultivating their own minds, in freeing themselves from immaturity and pursuing a secure course. All that is required for this is enlightenment is freedom;"

to become enlightened a person needs to break free and have thier own opinions on things. the perfect enviorment to become enlightened would be a place where there are no distractions and when you dont worry about time and give yourself alot of time to think.




"first because our rulers have no interest in assuming the role of their subjects' guardians with respect to the arts and sciences, and secondly because that form of immaturity is both the most
pernicious and disgraceful of all. But the manner of thinking of a head of state who favors religious enlightenment goes even further, for he realizes that there is no danger to his legislation in allowing his subjects to use reason publicly and to set before the world their thoughts concerning better formulations of his laws, even if this involves frank criticism of legislation currently in effect."

in this it shows that a ruler that is enlightened would be open to reason and open to change some laws that may already be in effect. the ruler would listen to reason without thinking that this reason is a threat to his power.

TERMS!!!!!!!!!!! ENLIGHTENMENT

Enlightenment-was a philosophical movement of the 18th century that used reason to scrutinized things that had been accepted previously brought about by humanitarian reforms. this time period was a time when people had conflicts between religion and their thoughts and people wanted proof and explainations for why things were.enlightenment had huge effects on the deveopment of the arts such as paintings,sculpture,architechure,music,literature, and it also effected development in science. as a result the absolute monarchy ended and many culteral advances occured.

Scientific Revolution-is the time when changes in thought,beliefe,and social changes
occured. also changes in all types of sciences occured in this time. 1550-1700 about the time between Nicholas Copernicus and Isacc Newton. also during the Scientific Revolution people started to reject other doctrines from previous times.

Copernicus-(1473-1543) was a mathematician and astronomer who thought that the universe revolved around the sun. Copernicus's heliocentric idea was the idea that the distances of the planets from the sun had a direct relationship to the size of their orbits. this idea was very controversial but it changed the way people looked at the world. This was the start of the Scientific Revolution.

John Locke-(1632-1704) was a British philosopher. he thought that using reason to try to grasp the truth, and determining the legitimate functions of institutions will promote human development for the individual and society both in respect to its material and spiritual welfare. Locke also wrote a variety of important political, religious and educational works.monarch. He also argued that people have rights like the right to life, liberty, and property, that have a foundation.

Montesquieu-made an account of the varying forms of government and of the causes that made them what they were and what advanced or disrupted their development. He used this to explain how governments might be saved from corruption. He saw total power as a large danger for any government not already a tyranny and fought that it could be prevented by a system where different branches had legislative, executive, and judicial power, and all those branches were held to the rule of law. This theory of distributing power had a huge impact on Liberal Political Theory and on the people who made the U.S. constitution.

Jean Jacques Rousseau-Born in 1712-1778.wo masterpieces the Social Contract and Emile dint bring him fame but people had oppositions against them and he had to go into exile. he was really into reason and wanted to argue history,society, and traditiion. he belived that man should go back to a more primative and natural state. in Social Contract he says that liberty comes to man from nature, and belongs to every associate of society as an inalienable right.

Voltaire-François-Marie d'Arouet (1694–1778) was a french writer and public activist who was somewhat a philosopher but he wrote as many stories andplays as he did phisosophical things. he defended a conception of natural science rather than what he thought was pointless philosophical meanings.

Thomas Paine-January 29, 1737. in 1776 he published common sense. because of his anti- monarchistic views he was considered an outlaw in England. he traveld with the Continental Army but wasnt that good at being a soldier. he was imprisoned in France untill 1802 when he returned back to America but because of his views he died without people on his side in 1809. though he died without anyone his works changed the way that people view the world and life.

Thomas Hobbes-the social contract theory isthe method of justifying political principles or arrangements by appeal to the agreement that would be made among suitably situated rational, free, and equal persons. he is best known for wanting an all powerful leader. more people like his political philosophy better than his moral becuase his moral philosophy was allitle to far out there. he was known for being one of the main people in Materialism. and his politcal philosophy is what he's known for.

Common Sense- this book written by Thomas Paine was a huge sucess among the colonies. it gave them reason to fight back at the British. he wrote it in a way that people would understand rather than alot of philosophy. in this book he talks about poitics and government i.e."Society in every state is a blessing, but Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; in its worst state an intolerable one". this book changed the way the American people looked at the British and with out Paine writing this book we may have lost the war.

ROME & U.S.

Today we have many branches of government just like they did in Rome. In Rome they had a system called the SPQR which means the Senate and People of Rome. The system of government that they had in Rome is similar to ours in some ways. One way that i found was that with all the different branches of government that we have no one person has supreme power over another. This system is called Checks and Balances. Checks and Balances are part of our government. This is shown because the President does not have total power over the U.S. He must consult with the senate and court to make a law. Also because the U.S. is a democracy the citizens vote on propositions before they are passed. The Roman government has a system of Checks amd Balances as well. They have 2 consuls who can veto any of the others actions. Also the consuls convers with the senate and the senate is the consuls adivisory council. Therefore both systems then and now have a government in which no one person has supreme power.

Another position that is similar to one that we have today is the aedile. The aedile is like the U.S.'s embassadors. The U.S. embassadors go to different countries and stay at the U.S. embassies. While they are there they may throw parties or organize events to promote the U.S. These officials are appointed to their positions by the President. The President can pick whomever they want to be an embassador;it could be a poor person, a rich person, someone who sleeps behind a dumpster, whoever. Also if you were elected an embassador you could potentially go on to a higher rank of government. The aedile officials are the same because they were either patricians or plebians and they would regulate public affairs such as festivals. Aedile also were usually younger men who would like to later on go onto be a higher form of government.

Though the U.S. senate and the Roman senate are alike in some ways they also have differences. One differences is that the U.S. senate does not try individuals for crimes that is done by the judicial branch of the government. Not only this is a difference but also the U.S. senate cannot pass a law without consent from the House of Repersentitves and the excutive branch(the President). The laws that are made have to go through more than just the senate to become a law.

TERMS DEFINITIONS

Polis- was a Greek city-state that contained the city and the land surrounding it. The Greek polis's were spread out all over Greece. Because they were so spread out no one polis was able to rule them all. The piont when the polis system worked the best was the Persian War. All the polis's banded together to fight Xerxes after the battle of Thermopoli where 300 SPartans took a stand and were completley masacared. But after the War was over and Greece won... all of the polis's were fighting over who did what and we won because we did this. The polis's already didnt care much for each other but now it was to the point of war.Peloponnesian War was the exterme down fall of the Greek Polis system. Because of the down fall of the polist system Greece was taken over by the Macedonians.

Homer- is the author of the Odessy and the Iliad. He wrote down epic poems that were recited to him. These epics had been passed down through oral tradition and first written down by Homer. Most scholars have doubt that Homer was a real person. Homer's poems tell the stories of the Trojan War. He had an enormous influence on the culture and how people now look at the ancient times.

Iliad & The Odessy- are epic poems written by Homer. They are about the Trojan Wars. The Iliad is about the fight over this one king's wife who was taken by King Hector's brother Paris. The idea of the Trojan Horse was made up by Odesseus. The Odessy is about Odesseus's very long journey home through many perils and interactions with the gods. These stories show people now somewhat of what it was like back then and they show the how much the Greeks used oral tradition.

Pericles-495-429 B.C.E born of Athens was a general during the Persian War. He promoted the polis system and tried to make it work even after the Persian War when all of the polis's were fighting. He belived that more people should be envolved in poicitcs. So he came up with a new system of government. In this new system of government, people would now be payed for holding a position in the system. As a result of this many other polis's became either threatend or jealous amongst other things such as who should take credit for the win over the Persians. This later led to the Peloponnisian War. Also this new form of goverment was to later be used in the U.S. as well as other countries. Pericles was also the reason for the Athenians not having to fight Sparta in the first attack attempt. He also made Athen's navy really strong.

Persian War- was the war between Persia and Greece. Persia had occupied most of Asia at this time and under the rule of Xerxes,who was mad with power and thought himself a god king, the sought out to expand westward into Greece. They were first meet at Thermopoli where 300 Spartans took a stand against an enormous Persian army and failed. But they Greeks do not cosider this a failure because this defete lead to the forming of one giant Greek army, which was made up of all the Greek polis's that banded together and put aside their dislike for eachother to fight the Persians. The Greeks later won this War at the battle of Platea. As a result of this war the polis's actually weakend because they were fighting for who gets what credit for the win.

Peloponnisian War- 431-404 B.C.E. was the war resulting from the Persian War. But this war was a civil war polis against polis. The polis's fought because each thought their polis better than all the others. They somewhat thought this way before the Persian war but after it this way of thinking became worse and more fierce. Pericles contributed to the start of the war because he

made Athens so powerful in their navy and in their politcal aspects that all the other polis's were threatened... ecspecially Sparta. Sparta attepmted to attack Athens but Pericles didnt want to fight them so instead the Athenians stayed behind their massive wall and didnt have to fight while the Spartans were being worn down by lack of supplies. So they sighned a treaty. But later the Spartans are given a tip that Athens is weak and they attack and destroy what was Athens. As a result the Greeks were less strong, which gave King Philip and his son Alexander the opertune time to invade and take over Greece.

Centuriate Assembly- was made up of patricians and plebians. This assembly elected the consuls and preators annually. Votes had to be talked over within each century before one big vote was cast for that century. Then all the centuries votes would be tallied. Each century was either made of plebeians(being the poorer) and the patricians(being the richer).The Centuriate Assembly was not that fair to the plebeians because there were more centuries made up of patricians. Resulting from this the plebeians took a stand and won because the poorer people were the ones who made up the army and without them there would be no army so the plebeians got their way and they made the Centuriate Assembly more fair.

Conflict of the Orders- was the name for when the Plebeians fought for thier rights to have an equal political status as the patricians. This was important because if they had not gotten equal political status all of the laws would have been favored toward the more wealthy. The Conflict of the Orders effected many laws that were made and how the poorer people lived.Also it lifted the restriction on inter plebeian-patrician marigges.

Tribal Assembly- this was the new Centuriate Assembly. It was fair in the way that it was divided up by location. Therefore there could be both plebleians and patricians in the same century. the voting style was the same though. Each century had to discuss within its self for there one big vote. The Tribal Assembly was a great triumph for the plebeians and it also gave them more power. Tribal Assembly also made it so that the patricians wouldnt abuse their power and rig all the laws to benefit themselves.

Patrician- a patrician was part of the Centuriate Assembly. They were the aristocrats. They tended to abuse their power and approve laws that benefited themselves and not what would be the best for their polis. They were very wealthy and were the leaders of the government until the plebeians took a stand which is known as the Conflict of the Orders. The patricians had an effect on how the government was run even after they lost some power to the plebeians.

Plebeian- a plebeian was a lower class person that was part of the Centuriate Assembly. the plebeians had basically no power because the patricians out numbered them in all of the votes. S they argued against the unfairness of the Centuriate Assembly. which results in the Conflict of the Orders where the plebeians gianed equal power as the patricians in the Tribal Assembly. this effected the way the poor were treated and it gave the right to inter status marry.

Senator- were older men who had already served as a magistrate. These men were patricians and when they were elected into senate they were in for life, except if the did something imoral then theyd get kicked out. The voted on unimportant things by a vocal vote or raising hands. They vote on important things by dividing in separate sides of the room. They also advise the 2 consuls and the consuls usualy listen to them.

Consul- there were 2 consuls who were elected annually and each had equal power. They were usually generals or patricians. They had the power to overule the others decision. When it was war time one or both went to command battle and then one or 2 new consuls were elected. the consuls had to oversee the rest of the government and all of their meetings. They were the leaders of the government and played a lager role on making decisions.

Plato & Aristotle notes

Plato: 428-347B.C.
-Aristocrat-born into a famliy with money
-Deciple of Socrates
-Plato was at the excution of Socrates(Egypt 399B.C.)
-The Academy-was Plato's school
-He thought that if you filtered your thoughts that you would be on a higher level of thinking than other people without a filter were
-Came up with the concepts of atlantis,hell,and he had meny other thoughts and theories
-The Republic is one of Plato's most famous books
-What makes a Tyrant
-Tyrants start out really nice and makes everyone love and trust them
-When a war or something starts then they become tyrannical and does whatever He thinks is best or whats going to get him ahead.
-the tyrant will get rid of thoes who speak out or try to defy him
-Government & Men
-Belived that the government changed with the type of men who were in it
-Should man dictate government type or government dictate the man?
-Philosophere King
-Open minded to people
-Courteous and kind
-Can't be jealous of anything
-Be truthful and wise and belives
-Must ONLY disire knowledge because if he does it will corrupt him
-Government & Tyranny

-Each type of gov. makes rules that benefit the people in power more than benefiting the people.

-Tyrants do things to benefit themselves

-Plato describes his utopia of a gov. to be communistic where everyone works together

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Aristotle: 387-322B.C.

-His father was a phascian to the royal family so therefore he was of high stature

-Studied at The Academy

-He was forced out of Athens because he was a Spartan during the war between Sparta and Athens.

-Went to Asia minor after Athens;friennds with King Hermies and married his niece

-Became King Hermies advisor

-Moved to Pella to help King Phillip but instead became his son's (Alexander the Great) tutor

-Went back to Athens because he wanted to leave his mark there

-Started a more casual walking school- The Lyceaum

-When Alexander the Great died there was a huge backlash and he had to leave again

-Aristotle belived that you actually have to work,study,read,ect. to be able to think

-More scientific but still was philisophical and studied sycology

-Wrote what people's purpose was - Metaphyical

-Humans have to build and work for things they wont just be given to them

-Idea whole univers was centerd around the Earth

-Earth, fire, water, air as elements was his idea

-Purpose of heavens and earth

-Wrote Politics

- Oligarchies and division of common people

-Needs classes to separate gov.

-People have to earn thier spots in gov. and rights to be a citizen

-Rulers and thier subjects

-Socrates laws and philosophy had part in gov.

-Considers rulers and subjects to be alittle different but they have to have divison

-Best forms of democracy

-Pastoral culture works best

-People with special abiliteis are in power

-Pastoral people dont really care and follow orders well

-Constitution

-Have many social classes

-Rich pick the leaders

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-Plato belives that some people are borrnbetter than others rather than Aristotle who belives that people should work for their stature. This is shown throughout their works. Also where they came from seems to have an effect on what they belive. Plato belives that people are born with power and aristcrocey. He also was born into a wealthy family that had money and aristcrocey. On the other hand, Aristotle was not born into wealth but his father obtained a job as a physcian to the royal family. So his father worked his way up to his social status rather than being born into it.

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