IMPERIALISM

1. according to halestead slavery declined because the british wanted to have trade with the countries so they abolished slavery and this effectedd imperialism because the british claimed that imerpialism was just to help these countries so that they would become more deveoped like their fathering countries."Britain did not need imperialism. Britain
had a large navy and the "white dominions", it had industry and trade: These were the bases of
British power, not imperialism. Imperialism was just Britain's way or "method" of interacting
with "undeveloped" peoples and states. Imperialism was the method of a "technologically,
organizationally, and humanistically advanced society---a rationalized society" of dealing with
peoples who were not so."

2. the good government was not an influence because it was hard to maintain in all the different countries that were occupied. so they changed the forms of government for each type of country. "slavery was not commercially beneficial after the decline of mercantilism
and the rise of laissez-faire, free trade capitalism. In other words, British motives were entirely
self-serving in abolishing slavery. As the major proponent of free trade, Britain now saw the
benefits of abolishing slavery, which was counterproductive in the age of the Industrial
Revolution. But Halstead mischaracterizes British policy as a moral crusade."

3. "Seeley argued that British "imperialism" was the apotheosis of
all British history, the culmination of Britain's destiny, while Halstead argued that British
imperialism was nothing but an appendage of British foreign policy. Gallagher and Robinson
argued that the scramble for Africa was motivated by concerns over security and nothing else
while MacKenzie pointed out that Britain had created an elaborate image making apparatus, a
widespread propaganda, that extolled militarism, monarchism, and Social Darwinism." Halested's view of imerialism was different from the of cobden and many other philosophers... this was so because halested thought that imperialism reliedy mostly on free trade rather than on politics. "Thus, imperialism is not the highest stage of capitalism or the
apotheosis of British foreign policy as John Hobson in 1902 and V.I. Lenin in 1916 argued. For
Halstead, British imperialism was benevolent and fostered good government, philanthropy, and
free trade. Imperialism was just foreign policy by other means."

4."Concentrating on a single aspect leads to an incomplete
understanding. British imperialism during the period of the "new imperialism" was motivated by
several factors: national security, protecting free trade, protecting commercial routes,
competition for markets and spheres of influence, settlement, colonization, diplomacy, and
ideology. Imperialism is not one thing and cannot be reduced to a catch-phrase, but is a complex
historical phenomenon which we can examine only piecemeal, but eventually from which a
fuller picture emerges." these were his final thoughts on the start of imerialism,

WHITE MAN'S BURDEN

1. He means that the white people feel this burden to come in and spread christianity to others and have the society not be that which is bad and have one where its all for the good of the people. he means that they have this burden to help others with thier problems.
2. he justifies imerialism by making it sound good for all thoes who have had a bad experience. he says that its all done for the good of the people also through religion.
3. he makes this sound appealing because he says that everything is done for the good of people and society and that famine will be fixed.
4.it is used as a greater justifcation because its saying that if you dont have imerialism then your going against the religion. it calls them 1/2 devil if they dont.

INDUSTRIALIZATION SHRT A Q'S

Why was England primed to start the Industrial Revolution?

England was prime to start the Industrial Revoultion because it had many qualities that would allow it to succed. England had natural resources, they may not have had a bunch, but they did have some of each. this was helpful because to industralize England needed coal, oil, steel, cotton, ect. Also England had to use what land and resources they had effiently. so they needed to make up new ways to do this. Another feature that England had was its many water ways. These helped beacuse the industries used the waterways and canals to transport goods out of england. also their many prots helped them to import goods...




How did crop rotation help support the growing population?

Crop rotation supported the growing population because it increased the amount of food that was made in each season. In crop rotation the crops were moved from each patch to another after a few seasons so that the farmers would not have to wait for thier soil to be good to plant again. instead they were always planting something. they roated the crops from intesive soil to no intensive soil. this allowed the farmers to keep growing food. So because of farmers awlays putting out crops they were able to support a growing population.

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How did working conditions change after the Factory Acts?

The working conditions in England changed only after the factory acts were passed. the factory acts made the conditions of the children and women better. THey said that no child under the age of 8 could work 12hrs or more. also they said that women and girls were not allowed to work in mines anymore because it would damage thier reproductive systems and damage thier organ needed to take care of the babies. this made the working conditions better rather than allowing children work for ridiculous amoutns of time and become deformed and die.




Why did socialism appeal to so many during the Industrial Revolution?

Socialism appealed to many during the Industrail Revolution because it had this thought that the lower class would take over the upper class because the lower class were the ones who worked. The people liked this idea expecially thoes in the proletariate class.

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What effect did the Cotton Gin have on the slave population on the South?

The cotton gin effected the slaves in the south. This invention by Eli Whitney was a great help to the platation owners but a terrible thing for the slaves. This machine took out the seeds from the cotton which allowed production to go faster. so before this machine came out the slaves that picked the cotton had to keep up with the ones that took the seeds out, so it wasnt very hard for them to do this. But now they had to keep up with a machine that went very fast. so the farmers bought more slaves to pick the cotton to keep up with the cotton gin,but if thoes slaves couldnt keep up they would be punished. so the cotton gin increased the population of slaves but thier fate would be worse.


How did advancements in medicine lead to population growth?

Becasue of the advancement in medicine the population grew. This happened becasue there were more ways to keep the towns sanitized and prevent sickness. Louis Pasture figured out how to pasturize milk and get all of the germs out of it. Also he made the 1st vaccine. so becuase of these new devlopements less people were deing and therefore population growth.

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How did the transportation industry change family structure and life?

The transportation industry change the structure of the family life because the families could now move father away. this was possible becuase transportation was more widespread and it was more convient for famlies to see eachother. also the families would become more nuclear beacuse it costed less to maintain and they took up less space.


Why did living conditions in the cities improve during the era of Mass Society?

the living conditions improved during the era of mass society because the government wanted ot be on the people's sidde so that they would get thier vote. so they put restrictions on work as well as improving the conditions in which they worked.

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What was the goal of the British Labor Party?

the goal of the British Labor Party was to redistribute the wealth. also their leader Keir Hardie wanted the British to have the rights of wokers increased and thier sole pupose was to benefit the public. they were a political party so that they were able to get these actions going.


How did Laissez Faire economics spur the growth of Labor Unions?

Laissez Faire economics supred the growth of labor unions because it was the idea the the government should not interfere with the operation of the economy. this was wanted by the people who ran the factories because it allowed them to employ workers and have them work for ridiculously long hours and without the Labor Unions the workers wouldnt have gotten any benefits and work would be terrible. so because of Laissez Faire economics the people wanted more rights which out of this came Labor Unions.

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How was Japanese society able to industrialize so rapidly?

The Japanese society industrailzed so rapidly becasue the were a homogeonous society. This meant that they had a society that spoke the same langueage and had the same culture. this meant that they were more together as a society. this helped because when the decided to become industarlized they all went for it and there wasnt much of a problem in changing.



How was the industrialization of England, Japan & Russia different?

The industrailizations of all of Engladn, Japan, and RUssia are different because of the way they did it. In Japan it was done without force and all the people wanted to do it. In RUssia they wanted to do it but were forced into it by Stalin and it wasnt very pleasnt. And in England it was done with almost evryone's approval.

MY JOURNEL #1

Nov.11,
Dear journel,
My name is Abbie i am 9 years old and I have been working in the mines for about 4 years. It has been hard lugging coal in and out of the mines not ever seeing the sun. sometimes i would work for over 18 hours. but latley there have been roomers about these things called factory acts. i think that they are supposed to help us childern out by shortening our work hours amongst other things. i know they think its helping but my family really needs the money. i have a younger brother and sister, i am the oldest, and my parents work in the mines aswell. everyday i have fear that i might die. either from the mine collapsing or from any of the disease. any friends that i used to have arent here anymore. my best friend just died last week from this thing called cholera. its being spread through the water. i told her not to drink it but once she did she kept saying that she was still thirsty and she kept drinking and drinking. its been really hard in the mines without her. though my whole family works there it still seems like there is no compassion in this life anymore. thoes factory acts i was talking about well its going to be harder to make the pay now since my two siblings cant work as long anymore. also my mom sister and i are going to have to find new jobs because we arent allowed to work in the mines because its going to damage our baby making systems, well thats what mom said at least. im glad that i cant work in the mines anymore because its allways dark and wet. i got this terrible cough from being down there and getting all this dust in my lungs but i guess its better than some of the others jobs. i seen them on my way home when they come out of the factories. it seems like everyday the get more and more shapley, i think its rickets. i mean the look like every letter i know of. my parents say im starting to look like them but i dont think so... well i havent seen my self in a few days... havent touched water in 3 and im still alive... my brother has been getting sicker and sicker though but my parents dont care they were thinking about selling him anyways... the say that they can just make another. when we get home at night my dad goes out and goes to the store. he is always gone for a long while but never seems to come back with any food. but he always comes back laughing and having a grand old time, which i dont understand whats so funny. my sister has been getting thinner and thinner each day. im worried about them. there all ive got. my parents dont care. they say we'd be useless if we didnt work and that they'd sell us if we didnt bring in money thats what they are doing with my brother. he drank the water... everyday i pray that God will save me from this horror... somedays i think being dead would be better than living this life of fear. its almost 4 now... i have to walk to the mines for my last day there... until tomarrow if im alive,

-Abbie J. Courter

DECALRATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN + PICTURE

1. men are free and equal except when class distintion is for the better

2.the piont of the government is to maintain the given rights of man, which are liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression.

3. no one has power over another without the approval of the nation

4. the limit to someone's freedom stops at the point that may hurt or conflict with anothers rights

5. law can only prohibit things that are bad for society and the someone can't be forced to do something that isnt in the law.

6. everyone is equal in the law if it is in protection or punishment. everyone has the ability to hold public positions ans the only differences is in that person's own special talents.

7. no one will be accused arrested or put in prison unless the reason is supported by the law. resiting punishment is considered another offense.

8. punishment will only be as strict as necessary, and no one will undergo punishment unless it is given with the right intent.

9. all people are inocent until proven guilty.

10. no one will be more subjected to punishment bc of their belifs or views unless these disturb order in public which is decided by law.

11. freedom of speach,press but they must take responsiblity for what may come of it.

12. security is provided for the public that is only used for the good and not for personal benefits.

13. taxes are required to pay for public severices which these taxes are distributed evenly.

14. all citizens have a right to know where their money is going to and when it is going to be collected and how long this is going to last and how much it is.

15. all public services have to account for what they use money for and it has to be for the goood.

16.a society has to have a law and must have separation of powers orelse it wont have a constitution.

17. property cant be taken away unless for the greater good for all tax payers.

this pic looks like the Ten Commandments and the fact that it has angel's around it and holy light and a girl with a broken chain shows that this declaration is suposedly a holy document and that the views of christianity will set you free and bring what this is claiming to give like liberty property and security. and that under this declaration you also belive in christianity and that a govermnet under this will be perfect.

COMMON SENSE EXCERPTS

"But there is another and great distinction for which no truly natural or religious reason can be assigned, and that is the distinction of men into KINGS and SUBJECTS. Male and female are the distinctions of nature, good and bad the distinctions of Heaven; but how a race of men came into the world so exalted above the rest, and distinguished like some new species, is worth inquiring into, and whether they are the means of happiness or of misery to mankind.(Common Sense-Of Monarchy and Hereditary Succession)

in this quote thomas paine explains how people arent born better than the rest so no one should have more power over another just because they were born into a higher class. there shouldnt be such a difference that it seems like the less powerful are a different species and that are these people making their subjects happy? well in the colonists case they werent. this paragraph showed the colonists that they shouldnt have to be ruled by a king that was born into his power let alone any king.


"This new World hath been the asylum for the persecuted lovers of civil and religious liberty from EVERY PART of Europe. Hither have they fled, not from the tender embraces of the mother, but from the cruelty of the monster; and it is so far true of England, that the same tyranny which drove the first emigrants from home, pursues their descendants still."(Common Sense-Thoughts on the Present State of American Affairs)

in this paine shows that the colonists fled to get away from the cruelty of britan. and the colonies were suposed to be a safe place for thoes who longed for civil and religious freedom but thoes that thrusted the cruelty upon thoes that fled have folowed them to thier safe place to bring just the same cruelty.this shows that the colonists should break free of britian and get what they came to america for.


"Thirdly. — While we profess ourselves the subjects of Britain, we must, in the eyes of foreign nations, be considered as Rebels. The precedent is somewhat dangerous to their peace, for men to be in arms under the name of subjects; we, on the spot, can solve the paradox; but to unite resistance and subjection requires an idea much too refined for common understanding." (Common Sense-Of the Present Ability of America: with some Miscellaneous Reflections)

in this paragraph paine shows the colonists that they wont get any help from other countries if thoes countries belive that the colonies will just reunite with thier enimy britan. so paine tells the colonists that if they are considerer rebels then the may get aid from them to fight britian.

FRENCH REV. TERMS

The Estates General- A legislative assembly of representatives from the estates of the nation. The legislative assembly in France before the Revolution. the estates general met in the hall at Versailles. the french were divided into 3 classes/estates religious, aristocrats, all the others. through the 14th century this system and meetings went well but 1614-1789 they only met once in 1789. under Louis XIII and Louis XIV the system deteriorated. the significance of the estates failure contributed to the start of the french rev.

1st estate- was made up of the clergy. they owned about 10% of land and were about 10% percent of population. instead of the church paying taxes they paid a "voluntary gift" every 5 yrs.

2nd estate-made of nobility and aristocrats. owned 25% of land and roughly 400,000 people. they were barely taxed or not at all.also they had power to tax those who lived on their land for anything the saw fit.

3rd estate-made up of people from pesants and unskilled laborers to educated and well off merchants and lawyers doctors ect... this estate had to pay taxes unlike the others. during the french rev. 98% of people in this estate had no say in the government. for the meeting on May 5, 1789 the 3rd estate was granted double representatives but then the estatses general said that the estates would vote not the representitives which made them mad so they presumed to have thier own meetings.

Bourgeoisie-was a social class of people in the middle class. the people in this class got whatever power they had from their work and education rather than those who were born into aristocracy.

Declaration of The Rights of Man- stated that men are free and have equal rights; the government's goal is to keep mans rights intact liberty,property,security,resistance to opression;no one has any power over another that isnt granted by the nation; no one can infrindge on others rights, which these rights are determined by law;law only prohibits what is bad for society and nothing can be prevented that isnt a law and no one can be forced to do something if its not a law; ect... there were 2 versions on this one in 1789 and a longer one in 1793.the first step in writing a constituion for france was defining what a mans rights were. this declaration contained many idea's from alot of philosphes as well as the U.S. declaration of independence.

National Assembly- they made a constituion that restricted powers of the king. they claimed to be of the "people" but the estates intended to continue natioal affairs without them. this assembly was made up to be a substitue for the estaes-general until the issues were fixed. the national assembly was meant to fight to help out the poorer but they always leanded tward the more educated bourgeoisie.it is significant because it lead to the presevervation of the rights of liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression,

Tennis Court Oaths-the national assebmly had a dispute with the king about thier rights and power in the estates-general. so the king closed down their meeting place but they then met on the royal tenis courts instead. so the swore to meet there until a new constitution was made,this was the first stand taken by the commoners against monarchy.as a result the french rev pretty much started.

King Louis XVI-crowned king at 20 and did everything his people despised ie all powerfull central gov and didnt care for the poor. also he made expesive taxes. his people later over threw him in 1793.

Maximilien Robespierre-was a member/leader of the jacobin club and was a huge factor in the rev. they wanted separation of church and state and no more monarchy.lead the rain of terror. wanted to excute the king and drove out 30 other leaders. he was elected to the commitee of public saftey. he had the power and suport of the people and he exceuted /aressted many real traitors and monarchists but even people who disagreed with his policies.

Reign of Terror-was when the radical jacobins took over the national convention and started a execution spree. no part of society was spared from this terror.near 40,000 people were killed. aton of france's leaders were killed and in the end thoese who instigated it were executed as well.

Jacobins- actually wanted to make minor changes but actually they are most to blame fo the rain of terror. they wanted to not have a monarchy but in the end robespierre ened up just as bad as the king did and they killed him

Committee on Public Safety-was ruled by the jacobins and was set up to be the executive power but ended in a dictatorship under robespierre. as a result a ton of people were excecuted and some lost faith in revolution. but this helped france not get invaded by people who wanted to take over.

Girondins- were a division of the jacobins but they were more talk than action. they were theorists and theyd rather do speeches and lectures than riots.they were taken over by the radicalists.

"Immaturity is the inability to use one's understanding without guidance from another."

"He has even become fond of this state and for the time being is actually incapable of using his own understanding, for no one has ever allowed him to attempt it."

in these two quotes from Immanuel Kant’s “What is Enlightenment?" Kant explains what he means by freedom. Freedom is when somone is able to break free of having others think for them and being able to use their own brain. this is also breaking free of "immaturity" which is having others think for you and having no opinion of your own. as well as breaking free of thoes who think for you because they wont allow you to think for yourself keeping you immature.



"All that is required for this is enlightenment is freedom; and particularly the least harmful of all that may be called freedom, namely, the freedom for man to make public use of his reason in all matters."

"that the obstacles to general enlightenment--to their release from their self-imposed immaturity--are gradually diminishing."

Kant feels that "freedom" is so central to Enlightenment because Enlightenment is using reason and in "immaturity" people dont use their own reason but let others think for them. these two things go together because you cant be enlightened without having some thoughts of your own.



"Consequently, only a few have succeeded, by cultivating their own minds, in freeing themselves from immaturity and pursuing a secure course. All that is required for this is enlightenment is freedom;"

to become enlightened a person needs to break free and have thier own opinions on things. the perfect enviorment to become enlightened would be a place where there are no distractions and when you dont worry about time and give yourself alot of time to think.




"first because our rulers have no interest in assuming the role of their subjects' guardians with respect to the arts and sciences, and secondly because that form of immaturity is both the most
pernicious and disgraceful of all. But the manner of thinking of a head of state who favors religious enlightenment goes even further, for he realizes that there is no danger to his legislation in allowing his subjects to use reason publicly and to set before the world their thoughts concerning better formulations of his laws, even if this involves frank criticism of legislation currently in effect."

in this it shows that a ruler that is enlightened would be open to reason and open to change some laws that may already be in effect. the ruler would listen to reason without thinking that this reason is a threat to his power.

TERMS!!!!!!!!!!! ENLIGHTENMENT

Enlightenment-was a philosophical movement of the 18th century that used reason to scrutinized things that had been accepted previously brought about by humanitarian reforms. this time period was a time when people had conflicts between religion and their thoughts and people wanted proof and explainations for why things were.enlightenment had huge effects on the deveopment of the arts such as paintings,sculpture,architechure,music,literature, and it also effected development in science. as a result the absolute monarchy ended and many culteral advances occured.

Scientific Revolution-is the time when changes in thought,beliefe,and social changes
occured. also changes in all types of sciences occured in this time. 1550-1700 about the time between Nicholas Copernicus and Isacc Newton. also during the Scientific Revolution people started to reject other doctrines from previous times.

Copernicus-(1473-1543) was a mathematician and astronomer who thought that the universe revolved around the sun. Copernicus's heliocentric idea was the idea that the distances of the planets from the sun had a direct relationship to the size of their orbits. this idea was very controversial but it changed the way people looked at the world. This was the start of the Scientific Revolution.

John Locke-(1632-1704) was a British philosopher. he thought that using reason to try to grasp the truth, and determining the legitimate functions of institutions will promote human development for the individual and society both in respect to its material and spiritual welfare. Locke also wrote a variety of important political, religious and educational works.monarch. He also argued that people have rights like the right to life, liberty, and property, that have a foundation.

Montesquieu-made an account of the varying forms of government and of the causes that made them what they were and what advanced or disrupted their development. He used this to explain how governments might be saved from corruption. He saw total power as a large danger for any government not already a tyranny and fought that it could be prevented by a system where different branches had legislative, executive, and judicial power, and all those branches were held to the rule of law. This theory of distributing power had a huge impact on Liberal Political Theory and on the people who made the U.S. constitution.

Jean Jacques Rousseau-Born in 1712-1778.wo masterpieces the Social Contract and Emile dint bring him fame but people had oppositions against them and he had to go into exile. he was really into reason and wanted to argue history,society, and traditiion. he belived that man should go back to a more primative and natural state. in Social Contract he says that liberty comes to man from nature, and belongs to every associate of society as an inalienable right.

Voltaire-François-Marie d'Arouet (1694–1778) was a french writer and public activist who was somewhat a philosopher but he wrote as many stories andplays as he did phisosophical things. he defended a conception of natural science rather than what he thought was pointless philosophical meanings.

Thomas Paine-January 29, 1737. in 1776 he published common sense. because of his anti- monarchistic views he was considered an outlaw in England. he traveld with the Continental Army but wasnt that good at being a soldier. he was imprisoned in France untill 1802 when he returned back to America but because of his views he died without people on his side in 1809. though he died without anyone his works changed the way that people view the world and life.

Thomas Hobbes-the social contract theory isthe method of justifying political principles or arrangements by appeal to the agreement that would be made among suitably situated rational, free, and equal persons. he is best known for wanting an all powerful leader. more people like his political philosophy better than his moral becuase his moral philosophy was allitle to far out there. he was known for being one of the main people in Materialism. and his politcal philosophy is what he's known for.

Common Sense- this book written by Thomas Paine was a huge sucess among the colonies. it gave them reason to fight back at the British. he wrote it in a way that people would understand rather than alot of philosophy. in this book he talks about poitics and government i.e."Society in every state is a blessing, but Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; in its worst state an intolerable one". this book changed the way the American people looked at the British and with out Paine writing this book we may have lost the war.

ROME & U.S.

Today we have many branches of government just like they did in Rome. In Rome they had a system called the SPQR which means the Senate and People of Rome. The system of government that they had in Rome is similar to ours in some ways. One way that i found was that with all the different branches of government that we have no one person has supreme power over another. This system is called Checks and Balances. Checks and Balances are part of our government. This is shown because the President does not have total power over the U.S. He must consult with the senate and court to make a law. Also because the U.S. is a democracy the citizens vote on propositions before they are passed. The Roman government has a system of Checks amd Balances as well. They have 2 consuls who can veto any of the others actions. Also the consuls convers with the senate and the senate is the consuls adivisory council. Therefore both systems then and now have a government in which no one person has supreme power.

Another position that is similar to one that we have today is the aedile. The aedile is like the U.S.'s embassadors. The U.S. embassadors go to different countries and stay at the U.S. embassies. While they are there they may throw parties or organize events to promote the U.S. These officials are appointed to their positions by the President. The President can pick whomever they want to be an embassador;it could be a poor person, a rich person, someone who sleeps behind a dumpster, whoever. Also if you were elected an embassador you could potentially go on to a higher rank of government. The aedile officials are the same because they were either patricians or plebians and they would regulate public affairs such as festivals. Aedile also were usually younger men who would like to later on go onto be a higher form of government.

Though the U.S. senate and the Roman senate are alike in some ways they also have differences. One differences is that the U.S. senate does not try individuals for crimes that is done by the judicial branch of the government. Not only this is a difference but also the U.S. senate cannot pass a law without consent from the House of Repersentitves and the excutive branch(the President). The laws that are made have to go through more than just the senate to become a law.

TERMS DEFINITIONS

Polis- was a Greek city-state that contained the city and the land surrounding it. The Greek polis's were spread out all over Greece. Because they were so spread out no one polis was able to rule them all. The piont when the polis system worked the best was the Persian War. All the polis's banded together to fight Xerxes after the battle of Thermopoli where 300 SPartans took a stand and were completley masacared. But after the War was over and Greece won... all of the polis's were fighting over who did what and we won because we did this. The polis's already didnt care much for each other but now it was to the point of war.Peloponnesian War was the exterme down fall of the Greek Polis system. Because of the down fall of the polist system Greece was taken over by the Macedonians.

Homer- is the author of the Odessy and the Iliad. He wrote down epic poems that were recited to him. These epics had been passed down through oral tradition and first written down by Homer. Most scholars have doubt that Homer was a real person. Homer's poems tell the stories of the Trojan War. He had an enormous influence on the culture and how people now look at the ancient times.

Iliad & The Odessy- are epic poems written by Homer. They are about the Trojan Wars. The Iliad is about the fight over this one king's wife who was taken by King Hector's brother Paris. The idea of the Trojan Horse was made up by Odesseus. The Odessy is about Odesseus's very long journey home through many perils and interactions with the gods. These stories show people now somewhat of what it was like back then and they show the how much the Greeks used oral tradition.

Pericles-495-429 B.C.E born of Athens was a general during the Persian War. He promoted the polis system and tried to make it work even after the Persian War when all of the polis's were fighting. He belived that more people should be envolved in poicitcs. So he came up with a new system of government. In this new system of government, people would now be payed for holding a position in the system. As a result of this many other polis's became either threatend or jealous amongst other things such as who should take credit for the win over the Persians. This later led to the Peloponnisian War. Also this new form of goverment was to later be used in the U.S. as well as other countries. Pericles was also the reason for the Athenians not having to fight Sparta in the first attack attempt. He also made Athen's navy really strong.

Persian War- was the war between Persia and Greece. Persia had occupied most of Asia at this time and under the rule of Xerxes,who was mad with power and thought himself a god king, the sought out to expand westward into Greece. They were first meet at Thermopoli where 300 Spartans took a stand against an enormous Persian army and failed. But they Greeks do not cosider this a failure because this defete lead to the forming of one giant Greek army, which was made up of all the Greek polis's that banded together and put aside their dislike for eachother to fight the Persians. The Greeks later won this War at the battle of Platea. As a result of this war the polis's actually weakend because they were fighting for who gets what credit for the win.

Peloponnisian War- 431-404 B.C.E. was the war resulting from the Persian War. But this war was a civil war polis against polis. The polis's fought because each thought their polis better than all the others. They somewhat thought this way before the Persian war but after it this way of thinking became worse and more fierce. Pericles contributed to the start of the war because he

made Athens so powerful in their navy and in their politcal aspects that all the other polis's were threatened... ecspecially Sparta. Sparta attepmted to attack Athens but Pericles didnt want to fight them so instead the Athenians stayed behind their massive wall and didnt have to fight while the Spartans were being worn down by lack of supplies. So they sighned a treaty. But later the Spartans are given a tip that Athens is weak and they attack and destroy what was Athens. As a result the Greeks were less strong, which gave King Philip and his son Alexander the opertune time to invade and take over Greece.

Centuriate Assembly- was made up of patricians and plebians. This assembly elected the consuls and preators annually. Votes had to be talked over within each century before one big vote was cast for that century. Then all the centuries votes would be tallied. Each century was either made of plebeians(being the poorer) and the patricians(being the richer).The Centuriate Assembly was not that fair to the plebeians because there were more centuries made up of patricians. Resulting from this the plebeians took a stand and won because the poorer people were the ones who made up the army and without them there would be no army so the plebeians got their way and they made the Centuriate Assembly more fair.

Conflict of the Orders- was the name for when the Plebeians fought for thier rights to have an equal political status as the patricians. This was important because if they had not gotten equal political status all of the laws would have been favored toward the more wealthy. The Conflict of the Orders effected many laws that were made and how the poorer people lived.Also it lifted the restriction on inter plebeian-patrician marigges.

Tribal Assembly- this was the new Centuriate Assembly. It was fair in the way that it was divided up by location. Therefore there could be both plebleians and patricians in the same century. the voting style was the same though. Each century had to discuss within its self for there one big vote. The Tribal Assembly was a great triumph for the plebeians and it also gave them more power. Tribal Assembly also made it so that the patricians wouldnt abuse their power and rig all the laws to benefit themselves.

Patrician- a patrician was part of the Centuriate Assembly. They were the aristocrats. They tended to abuse their power and approve laws that benefited themselves and not what would be the best for their polis. They were very wealthy and were the leaders of the government until the plebeians took a stand which is known as the Conflict of the Orders. The patricians had an effect on how the government was run even after they lost some power to the plebeians.

Plebeian- a plebeian was a lower class person that was part of the Centuriate Assembly. the plebeians had basically no power because the patricians out numbered them in all of the votes. S they argued against the unfairness of the Centuriate Assembly. which results in the Conflict of the Orders where the plebeians gianed equal power as the patricians in the Tribal Assembly. this effected the way the poor were treated and it gave the right to inter status marry.

Senator- were older men who had already served as a magistrate. These men were patricians and when they were elected into senate they were in for life, except if the did something imoral then theyd get kicked out. The voted on unimportant things by a vocal vote or raising hands. They vote on important things by dividing in separate sides of the room. They also advise the 2 consuls and the consuls usualy listen to them.

Consul- there were 2 consuls who were elected annually and each had equal power. They were usually generals or patricians. They had the power to overule the others decision. When it was war time one or both went to command battle and then one or 2 new consuls were elected. the consuls had to oversee the rest of the government and all of their meetings. They were the leaders of the government and played a lager role on making decisions.

Plato & Aristotle notes

Plato: 428-347B.C.
-Aristocrat-born into a famliy with money
-Deciple of Socrates
-Plato was at the excution of Socrates(Egypt 399B.C.)
-The Academy-was Plato's school
-He thought that if you filtered your thoughts that you would be on a higher level of thinking than other people without a filter were
-Came up with the concepts of atlantis,hell,and he had meny other thoughts and theories
-The Republic is one of Plato's most famous books
-What makes a Tyrant
-Tyrants start out really nice and makes everyone love and trust them
-When a war or something starts then they become tyrannical and does whatever He thinks is best or whats going to get him ahead.
-the tyrant will get rid of thoes who speak out or try to defy him
-Government & Men
-Belived that the government changed with the type of men who were in it
-Should man dictate government type or government dictate the man?
-Philosophere King
-Open minded to people
-Courteous and kind
-Can't be jealous of anything
-Be truthful and wise and belives
-Must ONLY disire knowledge because if he does it will corrupt him
-Government & Tyranny

-Each type of gov. makes rules that benefit the people in power more than benefiting the people.

-Tyrants do things to benefit themselves

-Plato describes his utopia of a gov. to be communistic where everyone works together

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Aristotle: 387-322B.C.

-His father was a phascian to the royal family so therefore he was of high stature

-Studied at The Academy

-He was forced out of Athens because he was a Spartan during the war between Sparta and Athens.

-Went to Asia minor after Athens;friennds with King Hermies and married his niece

-Became King Hermies advisor

-Moved to Pella to help King Phillip but instead became his son's (Alexander the Great) tutor

-Went back to Athens because he wanted to leave his mark there

-Started a more casual walking school- The Lyceaum

-When Alexander the Great died there was a huge backlash and he had to leave again

-Aristotle belived that you actually have to work,study,read,ect. to be able to think

-More scientific but still was philisophical and studied sycology

-Wrote what people's purpose was - Metaphyical

-Humans have to build and work for things they wont just be given to them

-Idea whole univers was centerd around the Earth

-Earth, fire, water, air as elements was his idea

-Purpose of heavens and earth

-Wrote Politics

- Oligarchies and division of common people

-Needs classes to separate gov.

-People have to earn thier spots in gov. and rights to be a citizen

-Rulers and thier subjects

-Socrates laws and philosophy had part in gov.

-Considers rulers and subjects to be alittle different but they have to have divison

-Best forms of democracy

-Pastoral culture works best

-People with special abiliteis are in power

-Pastoral people dont really care and follow orders well

-Constitution

-Have many social classes

-Rich pick the leaders

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-Plato belives that some people are borrnbetter than others rather than Aristotle who belives that people should work for their stature. This is shown throughout their works. Also where they came from seems to have an effect on what they belive. Plato belives that people are born with power and aristcrocey. He also was born into a wealthy family that had money and aristcrocey. On the other hand, Aristotle was not born into wealth but his father obtained a job as a physcian to the royal family. So his father worked his way up to his social status rather than being born into it.

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